RANKING OF WORKING ENVIRONMENT FACTORS AFFECTING LABOR PRODUCTIVITY

1. Labor Productivity

According to Dadvand (2012), labor productivity is the amount of goods and services that a worker produces in a given amount of time. In addition, it was originally studied only with respect to the work of laborers as opposed to managers or professionals and can be measured for a firm, a process, an industry, or a country. While, Gundecha (2013) stated labor productivity is an average direct labor hours that required installing per unit material. Robbins in Gundecha (2013) – labor productivity is performance measure including effectiveness and efficiency. Effectiveness is achievement of goals and Efficiency is the ratio of effective output to the input required to achieve it. Attar et al (2014) stated labor productivity signifies the measurement of how well an individual entity uses its resources to produce outputs from inputs. It can be concluded that labor productivity is defined as the ability of a person or group of people to work more effective and efficient and measure how well they produce outputs from inputs.

2. Working Environment

According to Awan & Tahir (2015), environment literally means surroundings and all those things that impact human being during the life time. They also defined working environment as the environment where people work together for achieving organization objectives. It means systems, processes, structures and tools and all those things which interact with employees and affect in positive or negative ways on employees performance. Accordingly, Sedarmayanti (2011) defined working environment is all there around the workplace that may affect the employees either directly or indirectly. An attractive and healthy work environment can be described as an environment that attracts individuals into the health professions, encourages them to remain in the health workforce and enables them to perform effectively (Oswald, 2012). From the definitions above, it can be concluded that healthy work environment is a condition when employees comfortably doing their activity and tasks given by company in order to work optimally and provided with adequate supervision of the organization in their workplace.

3. Analytical Hierarchy Process

According to Ho in Kousalya et al (2015), AHP method has long been used in many areas like logistics and manufacturing decisions due to its validity and ease of use. The AHP is a decision support tool which can be used to solve complex decision problems. It uses a multi-level hierarchical structure of objectives, criteria, sub criteria, and alternatives (Kousalya et al, 2012). Furthermore, Saaty in Russoa & Camanhob (2015) defined The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is a method of “measurement through pairwise comparisons and relies on the judgments of experts to derive priority scales”. In addition, It has been one of the most widely used multiple criteria decision-making tools. In general, Analytical Hierarchy Process is the method to compare and rank a criteria, sub criteria and alternatives and to solve a complex decision problem

Table 1.1 Average Score of Work Environment

Table 1.2 Average Score of Physical Work Environment

Table 1.2 Average Score of Physical Work Environment

Based on the data obtained to determine the work environment factors that become priority and preference to increase productivity.